RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT QUESTION ANSWER SOLUTION GUIDE
The first chapter of the PSEB Class 10th Social Science (SST) book, titled “Resources and Development,” introduces students to the concept of resources and their significance in the process of development. This chapter lays the foundation for understanding the various types of resources and their role in sustaining and improving human life.
The introduction of this chapter provides an overview of the term “resource” and highlights its importance in the context of economic and social development. It emphasizes that resources are not only limited to natural materials but also include human-made resources and human resources. The chapter also explains the concept of sustainable development and the need to manage resources in a way that meets the present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Furthermore, the introduction of this chapter addresses the unequal distribution of resources globally and within a country. It discusses the need for equitable distribution and sustainable use of resources to ensure social justice and reduce disparities. The concept of resource planning and the importance of conservation and judicious utilization of resources are also introduced in this chapter.
Overall, the introduction to Chapter 1 of the PSEB Class 10th Social Science (SST) book provides students with an understanding of the significance of resources in development and sets the stage for exploring the different types of resources and their management in subsequent sections of the chapter.
Social Studies Class: 10th (Geography)
Lesson :1 Resources and Development
Multiple Choice Questions:
Q1 (i) Which one of the following types of resource is iron ore?
(a) Renewable (c) Flow (c) Biotic (d) Non-renewable
Ans. Non-renewable
Q2 (ii) Under which of the following types of resource can tidal energy be put?
(a) Replenishable (c) Abiotic (b) Human-made (d) Non-recyclable
Ans: Replenishable
Q3 (iii) Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?
(a) Intensive cultivation (c) Over irrigation (b) Deforestation (d) Overgrazing
Ans: Over irrigation
Q4 (iv) Which of the following disaster a Punjab often face?
(a) Droughts (c) Cyclones (b) Earthquakes (d) Floods
Ans: Floods
Q5 (v) In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practiced?
(a) Punjab (c) Haryana (b) Plains of Uttar Pradesh (d) Uttarakhand
Ans: Uttarakhand
Q6 (vi) In which of the following states is black soil found?
(a) Jammu and Kashmir (c) Rajasthan (b) Gujarat (d) Jharkhand
Ans: Gujarat
Q7 (vii) Irrational consumption and over utilization of resources way lead to:
(a) Socio-economic and environmental problems (c) Boom in economy
(c) Replenish the resources (d) Decrease in population
Ans: Socio-economic and environmental problems
Q8 (viii) The land that becomes unfit for cultivation is known as:
(a) Fallow land (c) Barren land (b) Bad land (d) Net sown area
Ans: Barren land
Q9 (ix) Chernobyl nuclear disaster happened in:
(a) America (c) Ukrain (b) India (d) Japan
Ans: Ukrain
Q 10 (x) Who said, “There is enough for everyone’s needs but not for everyone’s greed.”
(a) J. L. Nehru (c) B.B. Ghali (b) Barak Obama (d) Mahatma Gandhi
Ans: Mahatma Gandhi
2. Make one word substitutions for the following statements:
Q(i) Natural endowments in the form of land, water, vegetation arid minerals.
Ans. Natural Resources
Q(ii) A type of non-renewable resource.
Ans. Minerals and fossil fuels
Q3 (iii) Soil with high water retaining capacity.
Ans: Clayey soil
Q(iv) Intensively leached soils of the moonsoon climate.
Ans: Laterite soil
Q(v) Plantation of trees on a large scale to check soil erosion.
Ans: Shelter belts
Q(v) The Great Plains of India are made up of these soils.
Ans: Alluvial soil
3. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
Q(i) Name three states having black soil and name the crops which are mainly grown there.
Ans: Black soil is found in Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. Cotton and sugarcane are the major crops grown in this soil.
Q(ii) ‘What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast?
Ans: Red soil is found on the east coast of India and alluvial soil is found in the deltaic sections of rivers.
Q(iii) What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas?
Ans:- The following steps can be taken to prevent soil erosion in hilly areas:- 1. Terrace cultivation 2. The fields are being protected from the erosion of the upper layer of soil by strip cropping. 3. Planting lines of trees
Q(iv) What are the biotic and abiotic resources? Give some examples.
Ans: Biotic Resources: These are obtained from the biosphere, and have life such as humans, forests and their products, animals, birds and their products, fish and other marine organisms. Abiotic Resources: All those things which are composed of non-living things are called abiotic resources. For example; rocks and metals.
Q(v) What is meant by disaster management?
Ans: Disaster management refers to manage disaster response in the country. Under this plan, India hopes to achieve substantial disaster risk reduction and significantly decrease the loss of life, livelihoods and assets.
Q(vi) What is soil erosion? Give examples too.
Ans:- The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as soil erosion. Natural forces like winds, glaciers and water are responsible for soil erosion. Flowing water erodes the soil causing deep valleys such as the Chambal region in India.
Q(vii) Differentiate: Current fallow and other than current fallow lands.
Ans: Current fallow land is that type of land in which crops are sown after one or two years. Fallow land or barren land:- Barren land is that type of land in which crops are sown after five or six years.
Q (vii) Write notes on following
(a) Zonal and Azonal soils:-
Ans:- On the basis of origin, soils are divided into two categories: zonal soils and azonal soils. Zonal soils are also called ‘local soils’ that form on top of deeply buried rocks. Azonal soils are called ‘conductive soils’ which are transported from the original rocks by wind, rivers, glaciers or ocean currents.
(b) Constitution of soil:-
Soil structure refers to the way in which soil particles, both primary and secondary are grouped together in larger pieces. Soil particles have processes of air, moisture, temperature, water absorption and passage which determine soil properties. Calcification is a soil forming process in which calcium carbonate accumulates in B horizon, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. The process of salt accumulation in soils or in water is called salinization, and rapid weathering of soil and decomposition and quick leaching, lessiviation and cheluviation is called laterisation.
(c) Resources:-
Geographically speaking, any matter or energy derived from the environment (nature) and is used by living things, including humans, is called natural resource. In other words, everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs will be called, Resource.
(d) Economic importance of soil:-
Since ancient times, fertile soil has been the center of attraction for man and all civilizations have been born and developed in fertile soil. Being an agricultural country, our country is still based on soil. This soil has become a very important resource for the large population base of our country, as it fulfills the basic needs of food, drink, clothing and shelter.
(e) Soil erosion and conservation:-
The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as soil erosion. There are many ways to conserve soil. Some methods for soil conservation or protection are as follows:
1. Plant more trees
2. Proper management of fodder
3. Planting rows of trees for stabilisation of sand dunes
4. Proper management of vacant lands.
5. Impoundment of effluents from industries.
6. Contour ploughing in hilly areas.
7. Leaving residue of previous crop in soil for green manuring.
4. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.
Q1 (i) Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since 1960-61?
Ans: Land utilization means to record the purpose for which land is being used and how. According to United States Geological Survey 2017, India has the most cropland area. The cropping pattern is determined by various factors: Agro-climatic conditions, farm size, prices, profitability and government policies. Indian economy hinges on agriculture. Over 58 percent of Indian Population is directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture. Apart from growing crops in agriculture, it includes cultivation of crops, animal husbandry, horticulture, pisciculture, sericulture, silviculture, floriculture, etc. Being located in tropical and subtropical latitudes, the greater part of the agriculture lands of India can produce two or more than two crops in a year.
The land under forest area has not increased since 1960-61 because of the demand for more land for agricultural expansion, mainly after the Green Revolution, development works and infrastructural facilities in the post-independence era. Industrialization and urbanization have also reduced the forest area.
Q (ii) How has technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?
Ans: Utilization of resources is also related to technology and economic development. Many resources have been developed, but technology is needed to use those resources or how much to use those resources. These resources cannot be used without technology. That is why the economic development of a country also greatly affects the proper use of resources. There are many countries in the world that have abundant of natural resources, but due to being economically weak, they cannot use those resources properly. The countries which are economically strong, they establish their colonies in other countries for the supply of resources. For example, when the British felt lack of resources, they established their colonies in India and many other countries like India, but for this it is very important for a country to be economically strong. So we can say that the country which is technologically and economically developed, consumes more resources.
Q(iii) What is global warning?
Ans: Global warming is the phenomenon of gradual increase in temperature on the earth’s surface. This phenomenon has been observed for the last one-two centuries. This change has disrupted the Earth’s climate which is having a negative impact on humans, plants and animals. There are many reasons for global warming. These causes may be natural or may be the result of human activities :-
1. Indiscriminate cutting of forests
2. Use of vehicles
3. Chlorofluorocarbon
4. Industrial development
5. Incorrect methods of agriculture
6. Increasing population
7. Eruption of volcanoes etc.
As an effect of these reasons, there is continuous rise in temperature, climate change, spread of diseases, high death rate and loss of natural habitat.
Q(iv) How climate changes shall impact refugees?
Ans:- Climate refugees are people who must leave their homes and communities because of the effects of climate change and global warming. Climate change is caused by natural events, such as volcanic eruptions, as well as human activities. Climate change has happened many times since Earth was formed billions of years ago. Rising temperatures associated with global warming cause glaciers and ice caps to melt. This can cause flooding and make sea levels rise. Rising temperatures also lead to droughts and desertification-the transformation of arable land to desert. Some of these effects, such as sea level rise, can put land completely underwater, making it uninhabitable. Others effects, such as drought, make it impossible for people in the region to support themselves. Climate refugees belong to a larger group of immigrants known as environmental refugees.
Q(v) Explain in short the Sendai Framework on Disaster management?
Ans: The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) is an international document which was adopted by UN member states between 14th and 18th of March 2015 at the World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction held in Sendai Japan and endorsed by the UN General Assembly in June 2015. It is the successor agreement to the Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015), which had been the most encompassing international accord to date on disaster risk reduction. Sendai Framework has 4 priorities, 7 targets and 13 principles to fight
against all natural and manmade disasters. The Sendai Framework sets four specific priorities for action:
- Understanding disaster risk.
- Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk.
- Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience.
- Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response, and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction.
Q(vi) Define ‘Resource’ classify resources. Explain any two types of resources.
Ans:- :- Geographically speaking, any matter or energy derived from the environment (nature) and is used by living things, including humans, is called natural resource. In other words, everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs will be called, Resource. These resources can be classified in the following ways-
(a) On the basis of origin – Biotic and Abiotic
(b) On the basis of exhaustibility – Renewable and Non-renewable
(c) On the basis of ownership – Individual, Community, National and International
(d) On the basis of status of growth – Potential, Developed, Stock and Reserves
(e) On the basis of their place of availability- Terrestrial and Extra-terrestrial resources Resources belonging to space, other than earth, may from some other planet, asteroid or comet are called Extra-terrestrial resources.
On the basis of origin – Biotic and Abiotic Resources:-
Biotic Resources: These are obtained from the biosphere, and have life such as humans, forests and their products, animals, birds and their products, fish and other marine organisms.
Abiotic Resources: All those things which are composed of non-living things are called abiotic resources. For example; rocks and metals.
On the basis of exhaustibility – Renewable and Non-renewable Resources:-
Renewable Resources: Resources which get renewed or replenished fast in reasonable time, are called renewable resources. Some of these resources are always available (continuous) and do not get affected by human activities, for example; solar, wind and tidal energy.
Non-Renewable Resources: These occur over a very long geological time. Minerals and fossil fuels are examples of such resources. These resources take millions of years in their formation.
Q(vii) What do you understand by resource planning? Write a detailed note on types of planning.
Ans: Planning can be defined as “thinking in advance what is to be done, when it is to be done, how it is to be done and by whom it should be done”. In simple words we can say, planning bridges the gap between where we are standing today and where we want to reach. It is course of action, anticipated or foreseen beforehand to obtain optimum outcomes.
Types of Planning:-
- Operational Planning
2. Tactical planning
3. Strategic Planning
Resource planning is a complex process and includes:
(i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.
(ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and
institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.
(iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans. India has made concerted efforts for achieving the goals of resource panning right from the First Five Year Plan launched after Independence.
Q(viii) What does Land use mean? Draw a diagram showing land under various uses and explain it.
Ans. Land is a resource that has been used by our ancestors for centuries, generation after generation. We use it for many economic activities.Land is an important resource for all of us. Natural vegetation, wildlife, human life, economic activities, transportation and communication facilities are based on the land itself. But land is a limited resource so it should be used very carefully. India has land under a variety of relief features like:- mountains, plateaus, plains and islands etc. About 43% of the land area is plains which provides facilities for agricultural and industrial development. 30% of the country’s land area consists of mountains
which provides water to the rivers throughout the year and are a favourite tourist destination. About 27% of the area of the country is plateau region which is rich in minerals, fossil fuels and forests. Land resources are used for the following purposes:
1. Forests
2. Land not available for cultivation :
(a) Barren and waste land
(b) Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g. buildings, roads, factories, etc.
3. Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land)
(a) Permanent pastures and grazing land,
(b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not included in net sown area),
(c) Cultruable waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years).
4. Fallow lands
(a) Current fallow-(left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year),
(b) Other than current fallow-(left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years).